Apparatus and method for automatic control



Jan. 16, 1962 F. L. JONACH ET AL APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 13 Sheets-Sheet l 32 so \T.RA]-- -3 34 TACH. ENGINE DYNAMOMETER GEN.

44 IGNITION 50 CIRCUIT ABSORB- I I MOTOR SELECTOR 54 48 TAR DYNAMOMETER STOP 0 ABSORB-MOTOR con. CURRENT FORMING AND Ni REGULATING cIRcUIT 58 I DISCONNECT SWITCH I3 INDUCTION 46 MOTOR STARTER ENGINE T62 CONTROLLER T M A.C. INPUT INPUT POWER- Fig. I POWER Fredrick Lowell Jondch Murray H. Edson INVENTORS James A. Wilson PATENT ATTORNEY Jan. 16, 1962 F. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 15 Sheets$heet 2 umqg um T l (O N :imi] Li W I I [mm-550mm A gag Fredrick Lowell Jonoch llll Murray H. EdSOfl INVENTORS James A. Wilson PATENT ATTORNEY Jan. 16, 1962 F. 1.. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 16 Sheets-Sheet 3 Fredrick Lowell Jonoch Murray H. Edson INVENTORS James A. Wilson P PATENT ATTORNEY Jan. 16, 1962 F. 1.. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

' APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 15 Sheets-Sheet! BY7 uu7 PATENT ATTQRNF Y Jan. 16, 1962 F. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 15 Sheets-Sheet 5 Fredrick Lowell Jonuch Murray H. Edson INVENTORS James A.Wilson BY 7 W w PATENT ATTORNEY Jan. 16, 1962 F. L. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 1 Sheets-Shet 6 R 6 m A MR OE HN C E AG N m H C.TR O UE T .PW H O N RRT 2 R EONW T M U C o UmAC NT MBCILR 0.1 AR Mull w O .RGC 8 & Y% m mw n u T DAC START I Fig. 8

Fredrick Lowell Jonoch Murray H. Edson INVENTORS James A. Wilson Jan. 16, 1962 F. L. JONACH ET AL APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 13 Sheets-Sheet 7 DYNAMOMETER ABSORB- MOTOR COIL CURRENT FORMING AND REGULATING CIRCUIT DISCONNECT SWITCH Fig. 9

Fredrick Lowell Jonuch Murray H. Edson James A. Wilson PATENT ATTORNEY INVENTORS Jan. 16, 1962 F. L. JONACH ETAL 3, 3

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 13 Sheets-Sheet 8 I T T 55 l T I I84 I 53 I Fig. IO

w PATENT ATTORNEY Jan. 16, 1962 F. L. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 13 Sheets-Sheet 9 CURRENT AMPLIFIER w -A.C.

INPUT POWER Fredrick Lowell Jonoch Murray H. Edson INVENTORS James A. Wilsqn L U- 7W PATENT ATTORNEYv W m M 0" W I W (0 M EE E W I WIW TQ l l II 7' [y re rlc owe Murray H. Edson INVENTORS James A. W|lson BY (j 7 W PATENT ATTORNEY Jan. 16, 1962 F. L. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 15 Sheets-Sheet 11 I i q 264 it 250 Fig. l3

WWW

Patent Afriol ney Jan. 16, 1962 F. L. JONACH ETAL 3,016,739

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 13 Sheets-Sheet. 12

Fredrick Lowell Jonoch Murray H. Edson Inventors James A. Wilson y Potent Attorney Jan. 16, 1962 F. 1.. JONACH ETAL APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL Filed Jan. 5, 1960 13 Sheets-Sheet 13 Fig.

Inventors Fredrick Lowell Jonach Murray H. Ed son domes Ami) 7 Patent Attorney tates This invention relates to an apparatus and method for imposing automatic control on operating equipment and processes. It relates particularly to an apparatus and method for imposing automatic control on operating equipment and processes in accordance with a previously determined and recorded program. It relates more particularly to such an apparatus and method whereby and wherein the previously determined program is recorded by modulating the profile of at least one cam element, and it relates still more particularly to the control of an internal combustion engine according to a previously determined and recorded program by an apparatus and method of the character aforesaid.

Research on fuels and lubricants has been hampered by the lack of Wholly satisfactory laboratory engine test methods. As a result, a considerable portion of this research has had to be carried out in field tests which are both time consuming and costly. Generally, the laboratory engine tests have consisted of constant load and speed operation, and have been aimed at evaluating only one of the many fuel-lubricant performance factors. it is evident that a considerable economy in time and money could be effected in the laboratory procedure if an automotive engine could be operated in the laboratory in just the same Way in which it is operated in a vehicle driven over an actual stretch or course of road.

According to this invention, an engine controller method and apparatus are provided which automatically put a laboratory engine through periods of idling, acceleration, coasting, and variations of load, speed, and toroue corre sponding to a schedule of conditions recorded in a vehicle operated over the road. The apparatus of this invention is particularly well suited to operate in conjunction with an eddy current dynamometer which can both electrically motor an an engine and absorb its power. ln

eneral, this apparatus exercises complete command over engine on test by controlling its speed through a dynamometer and its load by means of automatic throttle positionicg. With control over these two variables and also with provisions for notifying the dynamometer when to absorb power and when tomotor or drive the engine, an operating schedule with time as the remaining variable can be obtained which will simulate field or road operation.

in a preferred apparatus embodimentand uti ization of this invention, speed control is maintained by a translatory potentiometer riding on a ca. The potentiometer operates through the electronic control system of a dynamometer.

Infinite variability of the engine throttle means of an electric motor operating through an"ampli fier controlled by another translatory potentiometer rid ing on a second cam. The signal to the amplifier is the unbalance of a Wheatstone bridge circuit comprising two fixed resistors, the translatory potentiometer, and a potentiometer mounted on the throttle shaft, the potentiometers being used as variable resistors.

Selection of power absorption or motoring is ellected through the dynamometer control system by means of microswitches tripped by pins on the side of the throtte positioning cam.

is achieved by Ignition is maintained during motor- Patented Jan. 16, 1952 ing, and a safety device is included so that motoring of the engine can occur only when the throttle is closed.

Time control is maintained by the cams, microswitch adjustments, and three variable timers in the form of timer relays to be set according to desired conditions of idling, motoring, and road load.

The nature and. substance of this invention may be more clearly perceived and fully understood by referring to the following description and claims taken in connection with r the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 represents a block and line diagram of the engine contro'ler apparatus of this invention connected to a test engine and an eddy current dynamometer;

FlG. 2 represents a side elevation view in mechanical component form of the engine, dynamometer, and tachometer generator of FIG. 1; I

FIG. 3 represents an end elevation view of the eddy current dynamometer taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 2;

HQ. 4 represents a side elevation view in section of the eddy current dynamometer taken along line 4-4 in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 represents a schematic diagram of the throttle positioning apparatus;

FIG. 6 represents a schematic diagram positionin apparatus Wheatstone bridge engine controller of this invention;

FIG. 7 represents a schematic diagram of the dynamometer control circuit of the engine controller of this invention;

. FIG. 8 represents a schematic diagram of the connections between the control circuit of FIG. 7 and the dynamorneter coil current forming and regulating circuit, showing further the connections to the latter circuit from the tachometer generator, and showing still further the means whereby the circuit of FIG; 7 may be bypassed to allow control of the dynamometer coil current forming and regulating circuit by a potentiometer outside the engine controller or this invention;

FIG. 9 represents a schematic diagram of the connec tions between the dynamometer coil current forming and regulating circuit and the dynamometer through the abof the throttle circuit of the sorb-motor selector, and showing further the ignition and motoring control circuits associated with the engine controller of this invention;

FIG. 10 represents a schematic diagram of the full throttle audible warning system associated with the engine controller of this invention;

FIG. 11 represents a schematic diagram of the general relay system of the engine controller of this invention;

FIG. 12 represents a frontelevation view of the engine controller of this invention showing the control panel thereof;

FIG. 13 represents a right hand side elevation view of the cam mechanism of the engine controller of this invention removed from its cabinet and without wiring, certain parts of this mechanism being broken away for clarity of illustration;

FIG. 14 represents a back elevation view of the cam mechanism shown in FIG. 13 with the cam motor and certain motor supporting structure and power transmission gearing removed; and

FIG. 15 represents a front elevation view of the cam mechanism s own in H6. 13.

Preliminarily .to providing a detailed description of these drawings, especially of FIGS. 1, 2, 5, and 9 thereof, is desired that note be taken that whereas the engine or engine component particularly shown therein is or is suitable to be part of a spark-ignition, internal combustion machine whose power is regulated primarily by control of air flow, this showing is only by Way of example and not of limitation of the present invention. An internal combustion engine of the compression-ignition variety, that is, a diesel, could equally well be shown. Likewise, an external combustion machine such as a Stirling or Philips engine could be portrayed in the control system of this invention. Power output of diesel, Stirling, and Philips engines is regulated primarily by control of fuel flow. In the broadest sense of this invention, however, the engine or engine and dynarnometer illustrated in the several drawings are intended to be simply representative of dynamically functioning, externally controllable apparatuses generally.

Referring now in detail to the drawings, especially to FIG. 1, thereof, an internal combustion engine 30 having a carburetor apparatus containing a tiltably mounted throttle plate 32 is connected mechanically through appropriate shafting to an eddy current dynamometer 34. Also connected by shafting to the dynarnometer is tachometer generator 36. A throttle positioning apparatus 38 is connected mechanically to the shaft of throttle plate Dynamometer 34, as will be explained in greater detail presently, is designed to be capable of either absorbing power from engine 30 or supplying power to the engine, that is, motoring the engine.

Associated with the engine is a fuel line 40 containing a solenoid-operated valve 42. Also associated with the engine, assuming it to be a spark ignition machine, is an ignition circuit 44. Associated with the dynamometer are an induction motor starter 46, an absorb-motor coil current forming and regulating circuit 48, and an absorb-motor selector 50. Starter 46 may be of any standard design appropriate for use with the induction motor component of the dynamometer. Current forming and regulating circuit 4-8 has at least the function of rectifying and smoothing alternating current from starter 46 to provide direct current for the absorbing and motoring coils in the dynamometer. Absorb-motor selector 50 is a switching means for sending output current from circuit 48 through either the absorbing or the motoring coils of the dynamometer in response to an appropriate control signal. A disconnect switch 52 of any suitable design is interposed between starter 46 and current forming and regulating circuit 48. Associated with circuit 48 is a start-stop controller 54, and associated with absorb-motor selector 50 is an external manual switch 56.

The remaining apparatus items appearing in FIG. 1 are a potentiometer 58, a full throttle audible warning system 60, and the engine controller 62 of this invention. This controller is connected electrically to throttle positioning apparatus 38, ignition circuit 44, current forming and regulating circuit 48, absorb-motor selector 50, potentiometer 58, and audible warning system 60. As will be shown presently, there is no regulating relation between potentiometer 58 and engine controller 62. Potentiometer 58 may be located at the console of an engine test cell control station of standard design. The buttons of start-stop controller 54, and warning system 60 may also be located at such a console. When controller 62 is operating to control the current forming and regulating I circuit 48, potentiometer 58 is completely isolated. On

the other hand, upon operation of appropriate switching means within controller 62 control of circuit 48 may be transferred entirely topotentiometer 58. The structure and functions of the several apparatus items appearing in FIG. 1 will be more completely explained in connection with the subsequent figures.

Referring next to FIGS. 2 and 3, engine 30 has an output shaft 64 which is coupled to shaft 66 of eddy current dynamometer 34. As has been mentioned already, eddy current dynamometcr 34 is of a kind which may either absorb power from engine 30 or supply power to the engine. The latter utilization would correspond to motoring'of an engine in the course of starting or in an automobile going downhill. Tachometer generator 36 is coupled to the end of shaft 66 opposite from engine 30. Dynamometer 34 is characterized by a frame 68 and a pair of balance arms 70 and 72 oppositely disposed on the frame. It is supported by a pair of roller cradles 74 and 76. Bearing upon the upper surfaces of the balance arms are two compression springs 78 and 80. These springs surround tension posts 82 and 84 which are provided with suitably firm anchorage in the supporting floor structure 86, and pass upwardly through clearance holes in balance arms 70 and 72. The tension posts are threaded at their upper ends to receive adjusting nuts 88 and 90 whereby initial compression is set on springs 78 and 80. By this roller cradle, balance arm, and spring arrangement, dynamometer frame 68 is given a slight amount of rotational freedom. The frame will tend to turn one way or the other depending upon whether the dynamometer is absorbing power from or supplying power to engine 30. Angular deflection of frame 68 in cradles 74 and 76' will be a measure of torque.

Referring next to FIG. 4, dynamometer shaft 66 is supported in bearing sets 92 and 94 retained in frame 68. Fitted fixedly to the shaft, which may itself be of any grade of steel or other material suitable for use as shafting in rotating electrical machinery, is a flanged or cuplike disc 96 which must be of a material such as soft iron having a high magnetic permeability. Set in frame 68 adjacent the flange periphery of disc 96 are a series of C-shaped magnetically permeable pole pieces 98 each having a magnetizing winding of insulated wire 100. The leads of these several windings may be joined electrically as appropriate, and taken to a common current source.

Enclosing shaft 66 for at least a portion of its length is a sleeve 102 which is supported in bearing sets 104 and 106 retained in frame 68. At its end adjacent disc 96 the sleeve is fixedly fitted with a series of C-shaped magnetically permeable pole pieces 108. Around these pole pieces is a magnetizing winding of insulated wire 110 whose ends are taken longitudinally through sleeve 102 to slip rings 112 and 114 nearby bearing 106. External electrical connection is made to these slip rings through insulated leads 116 and 118 which terminate in brushes of a conventional nature running on the rings.

Fixedly mounted on sleeve 102 between bearing 104 and slip ring 112 is the rotor structure 120 for an induction motor. Such structure may take several forms. One of these is that of copper bars embedded in slots in a laminated iron core, and connected at each end of the rotor by copper rings. Set in frame 68 adjacent the periphery of rotor structure 120 is an induction motor stator structure 122. This comprises a three-phase Y or de1ta-connected winding embedded in the slots of a laminated iron core. The leads coming off of this stator structure should, be considered as having appropriate electrical connection in either Y or delta, and supplied with AC. power from an appropriate source, for example, a source at 440 volts.

The induction motor comprising rotor structure 120 and stator structure 122 may be air cooled while the region of the eddy current dynamometer to the left of bearing 104 may be liquid cooled. Conduit 124 is a means of cooling liquid or water supply, and conduit 126 is a means of cooling water discharge. The cooling water carries away heat from windings 100 and 110, and particularly from the flange element of disc 96. Bearings 92 and 104 should be considered as sealed to prevent water flow through them out along shaft 66 or in to the induction motor apparatus, and a rotating seal 128 is provided between shaft 66 and sleeve 102.

The eddy current dynamometer is an article of commerce. For an example of a machine generally similar to the one just described, reference may be had to Catalog GBI (August 1952) of the Dynamatic Corporation (a subsidiary of the Eaton Mfg. Co.) of Kenos'na, Wis. At page 13 of this catalog is illustrated and described the Universal Dynamometer which it is said combines the functions of motoring and absorption in one machine cradled in trunnion bearings.

The principles of operation of the eddy current dyna eration. For this reason, coils 10% tnometer will now be considered. Suppose that internal combustion engine 30 is still, and that there is a direct current flowing through coils 100 but no current flowing through coil 1m. A field of magnetic flux will be set up between the north and south faces of pole pieces 98, the lines of which flux will pass at least in part through the magnetically permeable flange material of disc 96. Now suppose that engine 30 is started to commence rotation of shaft 66 and disc 9d. There will be relative movement of the lines of magnetic flux in the disc flange which will create eddy currents therein. These currents will develop a second magnetic field whose strength will be determined by the strength of the primary field owing to the current in coils Th and by the relative speed between disc 96 and pole pieces 98.

There will be attraction between the rimary and sec ondary magnetic fields, the overcoming of whi h will require the exertion of engine torque on shaft 66. For a given speed, this torque will increase with increasing current in coils Power developed by the engine appears as heating of disc 96. The disc is prevented from overheating by Water flowing into the dynamometer through conduit 124 and out through conduit F.2d.

Suppose next that the engine is still, and that there is a direct current flowing through coil 110 but no current flowing through coils it'll Suppose further that current is supplied to the stator structure 122 of the induction motor to commence turning of the rotor structure 120 and sleeve 102 carrying pole pieces 10$, coil 11.0, and slip rings 112 and 114. According to principles stated already, there will be a torque exerted on the flange element of 'disc 96 which will be transmitted back through shaft 56 to engine to motor the engine.

The induction motor element of the eddy current dynamometer will be an essentially constant speed device. For a given speed of this motor, the tightness of coupling between pole pieces 1&8 and disc 96 and hence the motoring speed of disc 96 and engine 3d will increase with increasing current in coil 110. With the direct connection between engine 3% and disc 96 as shown, the engine cannot, of course, be motored at a speed greater than that of the induction motor itself with no firing impulses in the engine cylinders. The dilierence in speed between disc 96 and pole pieces 1% is called slip.

Pure motoring of the engine with no cylinders firing corresponds only to starting conditions or to downhill operation of an automotive vehicle under the action of gravity alone. Motoring of the engine with simultaneous firing impulses corresponds to downhill operation of an automotive vehicle under its own power. Speeding up of the engine under its own power might bring disc 96 to a higher speed than pole pieces 108, in which case the eddy current torque conditions would reverse with the engine trying to overspeed the inductionmotor and drive it as a generator. This would, however, correspond to no practical operating condition. Likewise, acceleration of the engine by action of the induction motor with coil R10 energized simultaneously with restraint of the engine by action of energized coils 100 would be an unrealistic 0pand 110 do not carry current at the same time. There may, however, always be power to the stator element 122 of the induction motor whether or not coil llllll is energized.

Referring next to FIG. 5, the throttle positioning apparatus generally designated 38 comprises a brushless, re-

versible, variable speed induction motor 13%) having an output shaft 132 which is connected to throttle plate 32. A machine suitable for motor 13c Motor #761,750-3, manufactured by the Minneapolis- Honeywell Regulator Company, Philadelphia, Pa. The motor includes suitable speed reducing gearing to give a turning rate of its shaft .132, comparable to that of those in automotive vehicle carburetors in road service. This shaft is fixedly fitted with a rheostat slider 134 and a limit switch arm 136. Slider 134 is in electrical contact is Brown Balancing 6 with'rheostat resistor R and moves along it as shaft 132 is rotated. Switch arm 136 is so disposed on shaft 132 that it will bear on the push buttons of limit switchesl38 and M0 at the extreme positions of angular travel of throttle plate 32. .T he switch arm will close switch T38 when plate 32 is in the wide open or full throttle position, and it will close switch M0 when plate 32 is in the closed or idle throttle position. Unless closed by action of arm 1%, both switches 138 and 140 will be normally open.

Induction motor has two stator windings. One of these is continuously energized by current from a line source. The other winding is energized by current from a power amplifier. The motor is phase-sensitive; that is, its direction of rotation is determined by the phase relation between the amplifier output current and the line current. Electrical connections to one stator winding of motor 130 are brought out to terminals T and T and those to its other stator winding to terminals T and T Terminals T and T serve resistor R and slider 134 respectively. Thetcrminals of limit switch 138 are T and T and those of switch are T and T The functions of all components of throttle positioning apparatus 38 will be related to engine controller 62 presently.

Referring next to FIG. 6, the electrical apparatus shown schematically therein and comprising the Wheatstone bridge circuit of the throttle positioning apparatus is all located physically in engine controller 62 with the excep-' tion of resistor R and slider 134 mounted on shaftv 132. These latter parts, of course, are found in the throttle positioning apparatus. In FIG. 6, the four junctures of the bridge are designated T T T and T A voltage source is connected across junctures T and T and when the bridge is out of balance it will supply an output voltage across junctures T and T Leads from the latter two bridge junctures are taken out to terminals T and T16.

Two legs of the bridge are fixed and equal resistors R and R which may each be 2,200 ohms, for example. A third leg of the bridge is that part of resistor R which is efiective according to the position of slider 134 upon it. In keeping with the aforesuggested values for R and R R may have a total value or" about 2,000 ohms. The fourth leg of the bridge may be either rheostat 142 comprising resistor .R, and slider 44 or else fixed resistor R in series with rheostat Md comprising resistor R and slider 148. Appropriate values for resistors R R and R respectively, are 2,000 ohms, 270 ohms, and 1,000 ohms.

Whether the bridge circuit contains rheostat 142. or resistor R and rheostat 3.46 will depend upon the position of relay having coil terminals T and T The construction of relay 150 is such that in the absence of current in its coil element it will be normally closed in a direction to bring rheostat 142 into the bridge circuit. As will be made more clear presently, use of resistor R and rheostat 146 corresponds to automatic operating control of an engine under test, while use of rheostat 142 corresponds to'manual control. In connection with relay 15%, note should be taken of the two electrical lines having terminals T and T which are tapped off of the relay coil leads. These lines go to the dynamometer control circuit which is illustrated in FIG. 7, and which .will 'be discussed presently.

'Energization of the bridge circuit of FIG. 6 is furnished by either battery 3 or'battery B according tothe position of double pole, double throw switch 152. These two batteries are provided in parallel arrangement to allow continuity of engine operation without shutdown for battery replacement. The battery connection in the bridge circuit is completed through relay 354 having coil terminals T and T The means of supplying current to coil elements of both relays 150 and T54 are shown in and will be discussed in connection with FIG. 11 illustrating the general relay system of the engine controller.

Acircuit is completed from the Wheatstone bridge output terminals T and T to the power amplifier mentioned above in connection with motor 130 of the throttle positioning apparatus. This amplifier and electrical connections to it are shown in H6. 11. its operation may be discussed to some extent here, however, to facilitate discussion of the apparatus shown in FIGS. and 6.

Suppose that the bridge circuit of FIG. 6 is initially in balance, the criterion of balance being that junctures T and T and, therefore, output terminals T and T are at the same potential. Suppose next that the bridge is unbalanced by displacement of slider 148 on resistor R of rheostat 146. An output voltage signal will appear across terminals T and T and be impressed on the current amplifier. T he polarity of this signal will depend upon the direction of bridge unbalance. Depending upon this polarity in turn, the stator coil of motor 130 which is energized from the amplifier will have a current passed through it which either leads or lags the line current in the other stator coil. A leading amplifier output current will cause rotation of motor 130 in one direction and a lagging current will cause reverse rotation of the motor. In either case, motor output shaft 132 will be turned shifting slider 134 along resistor R in such direction to restore the bridge to a balanced condition, attenuate the input signal to the amplifier, and finally stop the motor. In the process of rebalancing the bridge, of course, the position of throttle plate 32 in the carburetor apparatus of engine 30 will be changed.

Referring next to FIG. 7, the electrical apparatus shown schematically therein and comprising the dynamometer control circuit is all located physically in engine controller 62. Terminals T and T previously shown in FIG. 6 appear in FIG. 7, and provide points of relationship of the circuits of the two figures. In FIG. 7, T and T constitute the terminals of the coil element of relay 156. One side of this relay is connected across the resistor element terminals of rotary potentiometer 158 comprising resistor R and slider 160. The other side of relay 156 is connected across the series combination of resistor R and the resistor element of linear poten-' tiometer 162 which comprises resistor R and slider 164. Depending on which way relay 156 is closed, either R or R and R will be connected across terminals T and T of double pole, double throw switch 166.

The construction of relay 156 is such that in the absence of current in its coil element it will be normally closed in a direction to bring resistor R of potentiometer 158 into the dynamometer circuit. As will be made more clear presently, use of resistor R and potentiometer 162 corresponds to automatic operating Control of an engine under test, while use of potentiometer 158 corresponds to manual control. Appropriate values for resistors R R and R respectively are 20,000 ohms, 1,000 ohms, and 5,000 ohms. Three fixed resistors R R and R each of about 20,000 ohms are connected in parallel across R The two potentiometer slider elements 160 and 164 are brought out to a common terminal T The pivot or central connections of switch 166 are brought out to terminals T and T27, While switch terminals T and T the pair opposite T 23 and T are brought out to exterior terminals T and T As will be made more clear presently, closure of switch 166 on terminal pair T and T completes the electrical connection between the circuit of FlG. 7 and the dynamometer absorb-motor coil current forming and regulating circuit 48. On the other hand, as will also be more clearly pointed out presently, closure of switch 166 on terminal pair T and T places the current forming and regulating circuit 48 under the control of potentiometer 58 shown in FIG. 1.

Referring next to FIG. 8, the connections from startstop controller 54 and potentiometer 58 to the dynamometer control circuit of engine controller 62 are shown in full. Start-stop controller, which may be located at an engine test cell control station console, is a three-connection unit with two leads going to the dynamometer absorb-motor coil current forming and regulating circuit 48,

8 andthe other lead going to terminal T shown earlier in FIG. 7.

The center or slider tap of potentiometer 58 is connected to terminal T which is in a common line from slider elements 160 and 164 of otentiometers 158 and 162. The resistor element leads from potentiometer 58 are connected to terminals T and T31, and hence are connected to terminals T and T whenever switch 166' is closed on terminals T and T From terminals T T and T lines run uninterruptedly to the dynamometer coil current forming and regulating circuit 48. Thus it is evident that switch 166 may be manipulated to connect the coil current forming and regulating circuit with either the dynamometer control circuit of FIG. 7 within engine controller 62 or potentiometer 58 which, like start-stop controller 54, may be at a control station console.

The dynamometer absorb-motor coil current forming and regulating circuit 48 receives its alternating current power input through disconnect switch 52 from connections taken across two of the three main power lines going to the induction motor component of eddy current dynamometer 34. Circuit 48 receives one signal input from tachometer generator 36. it receives what is, in efiect, another signal input across terminals T and T accordin g to the setting of whichever one of three potentiometers, 53, 158, or 162, is in active use. The output of circuit 48 is a direct current taken out on two lines containing terminals T and T and extending to absorb-motor selector 50 shown in FIG. 1.

It is evident that coil current forming and regulating circuit 48 must act first of all as a rectifier to provide a direct current output from an alternating current input. It must further have internal control features so that the proper amount of direct current will be provided to give the tightness or looseness of clutch action, that is, the degree of slip, appropriate to the desired speed and torque of engine 30 coupled to dynamometer 34.

For an example of such a circuit and one of a nature generally suitable for use in connection with the present invention, reference may be had to Bulletin GC-l (February 1952) of the Dynamic Corporation (a subsidiary of the Eaton Mfg. Co.) of Kenosha, Wisconsin. This Whole bulletin is concerned with describing and illustrating electronic controls for Dynamatic couplings and brakes. A circuit particularly appropriate to serve as dynamometer coil current forming and regulating circuit 43 is shown on the inside back cover of this bulletin.

In general, this Dynarnatic circuit employs a gasfilled triode or thyratron tube as a power rectifier. The grid bias voltage of this tube whereby its conducting period is determined comprises a direct or steady component and an alternating or rider Wave component superimposed thereupon. The level of the direct component is determined by the setting of an external potentiometer such as 58, 158, or 162, andby the rectified voltage output of tachometer generator 36. The effects of the external potentiometer and the tachometer generator upon the direct component of the thyratron grid bias voltage are in opposition. The reason for this will be shown by an operating example. 3

Suppose that dynamometer 34 is motoring engine 30, and it is desired to increase the motoring speed. The external potentiometer 58, 158, or 162 will be shifted in a direction to raise the level of the direct component of thyratron grid bias voltage. Raising of this component will cause the alternating component riding the direct component to exceed the critical grid voltage of the tube, the minimum grid bias value at which the thyratron will ionize to conduct a current, at an earlier point in the positive half wave cycle of voltage impressed between the tubes anode and cathode elements. With a longer period of conduction through the thyratron, the output current of circuit 48 circulated through motoring coil of dynamometer 34 is increased. With increase of this current, the clutching action of the dynamometer is tightened.

in engine controller 62.

The speed of disc as, shaft 66, and engine 30 is brought closer to that of rotor element 126 of the induction motor.

As shaft 66 is speeded up, not only engine 30 but also tachometer generator 36 will be driven faster. This will cause an increase in the voltage output of the tachometer. Upon proper rectification, this'voltage will be matched against that applied to the thyl'atron grid according to the setting of the external potentiometer, and tend to reduce the net direct component of grid bias voltage. As the motored engine 30 and tachometer generator 36 approach the desired motoring speed, the grid bias voltage limiting effect of the tachometer will become increasingly great.

This effect will tend to diminish the output current of circuit &8, and relax the clutching effect or" the dynamoineter as a new balance point of speed and torque is approached. If engine 39 is overspeeded in motoring, the still-increasing voltage output of the tachometer will act to reduce the current in motoring coil 11% and, consequently, reduce the engine speed. Likewise when the external potentiometer 58, 158, or 162 is shifted to reduce the motoring speed, the falling oil in voltage from tachometer generator 35 as this machine slows down with engine as will tend to retard reduction of the net direct component of grid bias voltage on the thyratron, and so prevent underspeeding.

Referring next to FIG. 9, the output lines of dynamomet'er absorb-motor coil current forming and regulat- 'ing circuit 46 carrying direct current proceed from terminals T and T shown in FIG. 8, to terminals T and T within absorb-motor selector Sti. This selector contains two relay units 168 and 17%, each of which acts as a double-pole, single throw switch. When there is current in the coil element of relay 168, connections will be completed from terminals T and T to absorbing coils 11% or" dynamometer 34. Similarly, when there is current in the coil element of relay 17o terminals T and T will be connected to motoring coil Trill of the dynamometcr.

Manual switch'so associated with absorb-motor selector 556 may be located at the console of an engine test cell control station. When this switch is closed on its terminals T and T the coil element of relay 170 will be energized to complete connections between coil current forming and regulating circuit 42% and dynamometer motoring coil llil. On the other hand, when switch 56 is closed on its terminals T and T the coil element of relay 168 will be energized to complete connections between circuit 48 and dynamometer absorbing coils tilt) provided that connection is made across terminals T and T of motoring relay within engine controller 62. When control of an engine 39 on test is to be shifted from manual regulating means at a test cell console to engine controller 62, switch S6 is thrown toclose on its terminals T and T Control of absorb-motor selector 50 is then effected through relay 172. When this relay has no current in its coil element, connection will be made across its terminals T and T4 to energize relay 168 and send current from circuit 28 to absorbing coils ltltl as stated above. On the other hand, when the coil element of relay 172 is energized, connection will be made across terminals T and T to close the circuit of the coil element of relay 17% and send direct current to motoring coil llltl in dynamometer 3d. Energizing voltage for relay'liZ is supplied across terminals T and T Means forprovidiug this voltage will be discussed in connection with Pro. 11. A pilot light 174 connected across the leads of the coil element of relay 172 will glow when this coil is energized, and consequently be an indication thatcurrent is flowing through the dynarnometer motoring coil 110. Upon application of a voltage across terminals T and T current will liow not only in the coil element of motoring relay 172, but also in that of ignition relay 176 located Normally, that is without any current in its coil element, ignition relay 176 has an open circuit across both of its terminal pairs, T and T and T and T When the relay is energized, connection will be made across both of these terminal pairs at once. Upon closing of relay 1% across T and T a power circuit will be completed through pilot light 178, and upon closing of this relay across T and T a battery connection to engine 34) will be completed through ignition circuit 4-4.

Ignition circuit 44- contains a battery B The connection of this battery to the spark system of engine 30 is interruptable across two pairs of terminals in parallel. One of these pairs comprises terminals T and T of relay 17s in engine controller 62. The other pair comprises terminals T50 and T of relay 3178 in the ignition circuit itself. The leads from the coil element of relay 178 are connected in parallel with those from the coil of relay 163 in the absorb-motor selector Sll. It may be seen, therefore, that the connection of battery B to engine 30 will be completed whether or not a voltage is applied across terminals T and T in engine controller 62 so long as switch 56 is closed on its termnials T and T A connection from battery B in parallel to that to engine Iill is made to solenoid-operated valve 42 in fuel line dill. Valve 42 is normally closed, and opens only to allow fuel to flow to the engine when the ignition circuit is completed across either terminals T and T 01 T50 and T51.

Referring next to FIG. 10, full throttle audible alarm system so includes an electric horn unit 188 connected to a battery B The circuit through this horn and battery is interruptable across terminals T 52 and T of relay 182, and is normally maintained in an interrupted condition as the coil element of relay 182 is energized by battery B The circuit through relay 182 and battery B it iself interruptable across terminals T and T of relay 184 located in engine controller e2.

Whenever the throttle of engine 3t} is opened fully, circuit and switching means to be more completely described presently will be closed to provide a voltage across the input terminals T and T of time delay relay 18-6 shown in FIG. 10 and located in the engine controller 62. The external terminals of this relay, T and T are normally open, but will be drawn closed after an energizing voltage has been applied across terminals T and T for a determined period of time, two minutes for example. A device suitable for relay we is Pneumatic Timer Relay, Bulletin 849-Style A, manufactured by the Allen-Bradley (30., New York, N. Y.

The coil element of relay 184 is connected in parallel with time delay relay 186 across terminals T and T One of the leads to the coil of relay 184 is, however, interruptable across terminals T and T and so relay 184 will be inactive even though there be voltage across T and T until the delay period of relay 136 has passed, and closure has been made across T and T Pilot lignt 18%, in parallel with the coil element of relay 134-, Will be turned on as soon as the external terminals of the time delay relay are connected electrically. When relay 184 is energized at the end of the delay period, the circuit through battery B and the coil element of relay 182 will be broken across terminals T and T Relay 182 will then move to effect closure across terminals T and T completing thecircuit through battery B and electric horn 130 to energize the latter device and give audible warning of the'full throttle condition of engine Ell.

Referring next to FIG. 11, single phase A.C. power is supplied to engine controller 62 through line fuses 1% and 1%, and double pole, single throw switch 194. Pilot light 1% will be lit when switch 1% is closed. Upon closing of this switch,,power is supplied to current amplifier 3%. An apparatus suitable for amplifier 193 is Brown ElectroniltContinuous Balance Amplifier Unit #351921 including converter for Brown Amplifier #3542lO-l, all manufactured by the Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company. Terminals T T T and T are indicated to show the power connections to the stanection coming directly from the line after closure of switch 194, and the three others coming from amplifier switch 138. This circuit may be traced on FIGS. 5, l0,

and 11 commencing at fuse 1%. From this fuse the circuit extends through one side of line switch 194 to terminal T55, from terminal T through the coil of time delay relay 186 to terminal T from terminal T to terminal T from terminal T through full throttle limit switch 138 to terminal T and from terminal T through the 'other side of line switch 194 to fuse 192.

Double pole single throw switch 200 is the means whereby operating control of an engine under test may be set for either manual or automatic. The open position of the switch corresponds to manual control, and its closed position corresponds to automatic control. Terminals T and T are indicated to show the power connections to the coil element of relay 150 of the Wheatstone bridge circuit. When switch 201 is open, there will be no current flowing in this coil element. Likewise, there will be no power input to the coil element of relay 156 of the dynamometer control circuit of FIG. 7 across terminals T and T (shown in FIGS. 6 and 7). When switch 2th) is closed, however, assuming switch 194 to be closed also, the coil elements of relays 150 and 156 will both be energized to shift'the relay contacts to positions alternate to those shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, that is, to positions corresponding to automatic operation.

Before tracing out or explaining the function of other electrical circuits, certain individual circuit elements appearing in FIG. 11 will be identified. Elements 202, 204, 266, 208, 210, 212, and 214 are microswitches. All

seven of these switches are of the normally open kind;

that is, their internal terminals will not be connected electrically in the absence of an external actuating force.

7 Elements 216, 218, 224i, 222, 224, and 226 are each twoterminal latch type relays comprising two coil units,

and are used for making or breaking connections in a single line. The internal terminals or contacts of these relays have neither a normally open nor anormally closed condition, but rather will remain in whichever condition, open or closed, corresponds to their coil element which was last energized or to however they may have been set manually. Each of the coil elements of these six relays is marked either or C. The O designation means that the coil element so marked acts to open the contacts of the relay of which it is a part, and the C designation indicates a coil element which acts to close its related contacts. Element 228 is also a latch type relay having two coil elements, and lacking any particular normal condition of its contacts. It dilfers from relays 216, etc., in that it has three internal terminals or contacts rather than two, and is used for making or breaking connections in two lines. It may be closed on either terminals T and T or terminals T and T but cannot make both closures simultaneously.

Element 230 is an electric motor which is fitted with suitable speed reducing gearing to give a relatively low turning rate of its output shaft, about /2 r.p.m. for example. This motor is reversible, and is used to drive certain cams as will be more fully explained further onin this specification. Element 232 is a double pole, single throw switch in line with motor 230 through relay 228.

Elements 234. 236, and 238 are timer relays. Relay 234 is designated the idling timer; relay 236 the motoring timer, and relay 238 the road load timer. These relays each perform not only the customary function of opening and closing electrical contacts, but also a delay function.

They may be set by external levers for delay periods extending to some maximum value. For exemplary values, the maximum delay period for idling timer .234 may be 60 seconds; that for motoring timer 236 may be 60 seconds also, and that for road load timer 233 may be 15 minutes. For scheduling purposes longer period timers may be inserted. A device suitable for use as timer 234, 236, or 238 would be Variable Time Delay Timer, Type TDAF, manufactured by Industrial Timer Corp, Newark, N.J., each individual device being constructed with a delay period range appropriate for the particular application intended. The internal operation of one of these timer relays will be described at least in terms of its external elfects, and it is to be understood that this description is applicable to the operation of the other two timer relays as well.

Consider the idling timer 234. This is connected at terminals T and T across two electrical leads wherethrough input power for its own operation is supplied. In respect of points whereto external circuits to be controlled may be connected, timer 234 is provided with three terminals T T and T Suppose that there is zero input power voltage available across terminals T and T Suppose further that the external lever whereby the delay period of the timer is set indicates a time delay of zero. In this circumstance an electrical connection will exist between terminals T and T66: but there will be no connection between terminals T and T just the opposite of the situation shown in FIG. 11. Now suppose that the external setting lever of the timer is turned to indicate some finite time delay, 10 seconds for example. At the start of turning of this lever and as a result of mechanical rather than electrical action, the electrical connection between terminals T and T will be broken and a connection will be made between terminals T and T that is, a situation will be created as shown in FIG. 11.

With terminals T65, T and T of timer relay 234 electrically connected or disconnected as shown in FIG. 11, and with the external setting lever of the relay adjusted for a lO-second delay, suppose that an actuating voltage is applied and maintained across terminals T and T Upon application of this voltage the running of the delay period will commence, and this may be indicated by motion of a pointer lever other than the external setting lever. At the end of 10 seconds the relay will operate to break the electrical connection across terminals T and T and make a connection across terminals T and T The external setting lever will, however, remain adjusted for a 10-second delay assuming that its adjustmentis not changed by hand or any other external means. The condition of a connection made acrossterminals T and T but no connection existing across terminals T and T will continue for as long as the relay actuating voltage is maintained across terminals T and T Once this voltage is discontinued, however, idling timer 234 will act to break the connection across terminals T and T and make a connection across terminals T and T that is, restore or reset the electrical conditions shown in FIG. 11. 7

Suppose that after this resetting the actuating voltage is applied again across terminals T and T and the running of the delay period is started once more. Suppose now, however, that application of this voltage is not continued for 10 seconds but only for some shorter period, 5 seconds for example. There will be no making or breaking of electrical connections across terminals T T66 and T and when the voltage is discontinued at the end of 5 seconds there will be such an internal resetting of the timer that if an actuating voltage be applied for the third time it will have to be continued for the full 10- second delay period before an electrical connection is made across terminals T and T and the existing connection across terminals T and T is broken. Application of an actuating voltage to idling timer 234 will be indicated by the glowing of pilot light 240. Pilot lights 13 242 and 244 similarly indicate energi'zation of motoring timer 236 and road load timer 23$ respectively.

The individual circuit elements of FIG. 11 have now all been identified and their functions indicated to some extent. Sequence of operation of the several switches and relays there illustrated has not been described, but

such description will be given in the course of or subseconstructed in highly compact form within a single cabinet 246. All indicators manipulable controls which are part of the controller itself have been located on a single panel of this cabinet for convenience of observation and operation. These indicators and controls will be identified according to their lettered legends in this figure and their reference numbers in earlier figures. The pilot lights marked Power, Motoring, Motoring Ignition, and Full Throttle Overtime are respectively lights 1% (PEG. ll), 274 (FIG. 9), 173 (FIG. 9), and 188 (FIG. 10). The switches marked On-Off Cam Motor, On-Off Power, RunStart Dynamometer, til-#2 Battery, and Automatic-Manual Control are respectively switches 232 (FIG. ll), 1% (FIG. 11), ran (FlGS. 7 and 8), 152 (FIG. 6), and 209 (FIG. 11). The dial faces and indicator levers marked Road Load Timer, idling Timer, and Motoring Timer relate respectively to timer relays 231%, 2.34, and 236 (all in FIG. ll). The pilot lights located directly above these dial faces in the same order are respectively lights 244, 2 56, and 242 (all in FIG. ll). The dial faces and indicator knobs marked Manual Speed Control and Manual Throttle Control relate respectively to potentiometer 158 (FIG. 7) and rheostat 142 (FIG. 6).

Refer'ing next to FIG. 13, the mechanism of the engine controller, which fits entirely Within cabinet 246, is generally designated In this mechanism a mounting face plate 25% is suppozted on and secured to a mounting base plate 252, and is braced thereto by two mounting side plates such as 254. Also supported on and secured to base plate 252 is a carriage support base plate 256 which has secured to it a carriage support face plate 258. Two carriage support side plates such as 26% provide bracing between base plate 256 and face plate 258. A motor carriage faceplate 262 is secured to carriage support face plate 258. ecured to and extending back from face plate 262 is a motor carriage base plate 254. Two motor carriage side plates such as 266 provide bracing betweenface plate and base plate ass.

Mounted on carriage base plate 264 is cam motor 230 shown in diagrimmatic form in FIG. 11. An apparatus suitable for this service is Model 300 Geared Motor supplied by Merkel-Korf Gear Co., Chicago, 111. This machine is a l-volt, oil-cycle A.C. reversible induction motor-with integrally constructed gearing to provide an output speed of about /2 rpm. The output shaft of this motor extends forwardly through face plates 26-2 and 258 and is fixedly fitted with spur gear 268. This gear meshes with spur gear 270 which is supported in and associated with other parts of cam mechanism 248 in a manner to be described presently. .In one apparatus emelement 276. By means of dowel pins and through bolts the two cams 2'72 and 274 and the spacer 276 are made into a rigid assembly; that is, they are assembled so that there can be no relative motion between the cams. The whole assembly of cams 272 and 274% and spacer 276 is fixedly fitted onto a cam shaft 275. This shaft is supported in hearings in mounting face plate 250 and carriage support face plate Besides the cam and spacer assembly, spur gear 27% is also mounted on and fixedly fitted to cam shaft 278. It may be seen, therefore, that rotation of the output shaft of motor 23th will cause rotation of cams 2'72 and 274 through the meshed engagemet of gears 268 and 270.

Mounted to and appropriately offset from face plate 25%} by suitable bracket means are the translatory or linear rheostat 146 (FIG. 6) and potentiometer 162 (FIG. 7).

' An' apparatus suitable for use as this rheostat, electrical particularly identified in FIG. 13.

connections being made to only two of its external terminals, is Linear Motion Potentiometer, Model 108, 1,000 ohms, 2.25-inch travel, supplied by Brierly Davis Co., Summit, NJ. An apparatus suitable for use as this potentiometer is Linen Motion Potentiometer, Single Element Type RVT, 5,000 ohms total resistance (2,000 ohms/inch), supplied by Technology Instrument Corp., Acton, Mass. Operating rods 28d and 232 extend downwardly from the slider elements 148 and 164 of the rheostat and potentiometer respectively. Each operating rod has a yoke configuration at its lower end, and within these configurations are mounted roller cam followers 284 and ass on shafts 288 and 2%; as shown.

Followers 284 and 236 ride the prepared surfaces of throttle control earn 272 and dynamometer control earn 274 respectively. Continuous contact of the followers and the cams is caused by tension springs 292 and 2%. Spring 2%2 extends downwsrdlyfrom an upper engagement on follower shaft 288 to a lower engagement on screw 2% threaded rearwardly through mounting face plate 250. Spring 2% extends downwardly from an upper engagement on follower shaft 2% to a lower engagement on spring bracket 298 affixed to carriage support face plate 258. I

The seven 'microswitches 262, 294, 206, 208, 219, 212, and 2M shown diagrammatically in FIG. 11 are all mounted on the rear side of faceplate 25d. ()ne of them, 2%, is Location of this one and the six others will be shown in FIG. 14. All seven of these 'microswitches of cam mechanism 24% are tripped in the course-of cam motion by either one of two pins 3% and 302 extending forwardly from throttle control earn 272. These tripping pins will conveniently take the form of screws threaded through the throttle control cam. Desirably there will be access holes in dynamometer control cam 274 aligned with the heads of screw pins Silt) and 3tl2 to allow insertion, adjustment, and removal of these pins from the back of the cam mechanism.

Referring next to FIG. 14, the full contours of throttle and dynamometer control cams 2'72 and 274 are shown therein, that of the former appearing in broken outline where it is hidden by that of the latter according to the direction of the view. The operating surfaces of cams 272 and 274 appearing in this figure, whereon ride roller followers 284 and 286 of the operating rods of linear rheostat 14 6 and potentiometer 162, are approximately those to which the throttle and dynamorneter-control cams used in one apparatus embodiment ofthis invention have been cut for carrying out a particular engine test cycle to be described subsequently in this specification.

In the bracket means whereby linear rheostat 146 is supported from mounting faceplate 259 there are shown two ball bearing assemblies 3% and 306 having their outer surfaces in running contact with the rheostat op erating rod 280. Similarly located bearings 308 and 310 are associated with operating rod 282 of linear potentiometer 162. These bearings serve to prevent sidewise'deflection of the rods as they move in and out of the rlieostat 

